Bilonoha V.M., Kyyak V.H.
Approaches to monitoring the population of Pinus cembra L. (Pinaceae) in Chornohora massifs (Ukrainian Carpathians) // Proc. of the State Nat. Hist. Mus. - Lviv, 2025. - 41. - P. 51-60 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2025.41.51-60 Key words: Pinus cembra, population, Carpathians, Chornogora, monitoring Recent studies of the Pinus cembra population in the Ukrainian Carpathians indicate a noticeable expansion of its range and an increase in population size since the introduction of environmental protection measures. The abundance of saplings and the rate of their development suggest that the positive trend in population growth is likely to continue in the near future. However, a crucial question remains: how long will these favorable conditions persist for P. cembra in the context of climate change and decreasing anthropogenic pressure? While reduced human impact is beneficial, it also favors other highly competitive tree species. As a result, climatic changes that are currently favorable for P. cembra may eventually hinder its recovery. To adequately assess the long-term prospects of P. cembra under climate change and restorative succession, it is crucial to implement comprehensive, multi-level monitoring. Such monitoring should take into account its interactions with dominant competing species, as well as the ecological and biological characteristics, seed dispersal mode, and the dynamics of seedlings' and saplings' growth. Three hierarchical levels of population monitoring are proposed. The most basic, methodologically, is inventory monitoring, which comprises two complementary approaches: assessment of the presence or absence of Pinus cembra individuals along the outer population boundary; and comprehensive enumeration of individuals across the entire population area. The first approach provides baseline data on current population boundaries and facilitates the detection of their temporal shifts. Continuous inventory monitoring enables the characterization of population spatial structure, including the identification of intra-population components such as subpopulations and local population loci, and supports the development of a population distribution map. The second level involves specialized monitoring studies aimed at quantifying fundamental population parameters, including density, age composition, spatial organization, phytomass reserves, and reproductive output. These studies provide insights into the structural and functional attributes of the population and their temporal variability. The third and most advanced level consists of demographic monitoring and population viability analysis (PVA). This level entails the systematic assessment of birth and mortality rates, juvenile survival, reproductive success, and overall demographic structure. Integrated population censuses combined with PVA yield the most comprehensive understanding of population dynamics, enabling the prediction of future trends and the evaluation of long-term viability and conservation prospects.
Approaches to monitoring the population of Pinus cembra L. (Pinaceae) in Chornohora massifs (Ukrainian Carpathians) // Proc. of the State Nat. Hist. Mus. - Lviv, 2025. - 41. - P. 51-60 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2025.41.51-60 Key words: Pinus cembra, population, Carpathians, Chornogora, monitoring Recent studies of the Pinus cembra population in the Ukrainian Carpathians indicate a noticeable expansion of its range and an increase in population size since the introduction of environmental protection measures. The abundance of saplings and the rate of their development suggest that the positive trend in population growth is likely to continue in the near future. However, a crucial question remains: how long will these favorable conditions persist for P. cembra in the context of climate change and decreasing anthropogenic pressure? While reduced human impact is beneficial, it also favors other highly competitive tree species. As a result, climatic changes that are currently favorable for P. cembra may eventually hinder its recovery. To adequately assess the long-term prospects of P. cembra under climate change and restorative succession, it is crucial to implement comprehensive, multi-level monitoring. Such monitoring should take into account its interactions with dominant competing species, as well as the ecological and biological characteristics, seed dispersal mode, and the dynamics of seedlings' and saplings' growth. Three hierarchical levels of population monitoring are proposed. The most basic, methodologically, is inventory monitoring, which comprises two complementary approaches: assessment of the presence or absence of Pinus cembra individuals along the outer population boundary; and comprehensive enumeration of individuals across the entire population area. The first approach provides baseline data on current population boundaries and facilitates the detection of their temporal shifts. Continuous inventory monitoring enables the characterization of population spatial structure, including the identification of intra-population components such as subpopulations and local population loci, and supports the development of a population distribution map. The second level involves specialized monitoring studies aimed at quantifying fundamental population parameters, including density, age composition, spatial organization, phytomass reserves, and reproductive output. These studies provide insights into the structural and functional attributes of the population and their temporal variability. The third and most advanced level consists of demographic monitoring and population viability analysis (PVA). This level entails the systematic assessment of birth and mortality rates, juvenile survival, reproductive success, and overall demographic structure. Integrated population censuses combined with PVA yield the most comprehensive understanding of population dynamics, enabling the prediction of future trends and the evaluation of long-term viability and conservation prospects.
References
- Білонога В., Кияк В. Збереження та відновлення популяції Pinus cembra L. у Чорногірському масиві Карпат // Матеріали всеукраїнської наукової конференції «Стан і біорізноманіття Шацького НПП та інших природоохоронних територій» (м. Львів – смт Шацьк – смт Ворохта, 5-8 вересня 2024 р.) – Львів: Сполом, 2024. – С. 27-29.
- Білонога В., Кияк В. Особливості моніторингу популяції Pinus cembra L. (Pinaceae) у Чорногорі (Українські Карпати) // Матеріали міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Природоохоронні території Карпат: виклики та перспективи сталого розвитку» (м. Косів, Івано-Франківська обл., 15-16 травня 2025 р.). – Харків: «Діса плюс» 2025. – С. 24-26.
- Кияк В., Білонога В. Завдання популяційного моніторингу на природоохоронних територіях високогір’я Українських Карпат // Матеріали міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Роль біосферних заповідників (резерватів) та інших природоохоронних територій для реалізації в Україні стратегії сталого розвитку» м. Рахів, 21 листопада 2023 року. – Рахів, 2023. – С. 151-156.
- Кияк В., Білонога В., Кияк Н.Я. 2023. Просторово-функціональна структура площі популяції у рослин – потреба диференціації. Біологічні студії. 17(4), 173–186. doi:10.30970/sbi.1704.740
- Сіренко О.Г. 2005. Поширення та регресивні зміни ареалу сосни кедрової європейської (Pinus cembra L.) в Українських Карпатах. Інтродукція рослин, № 1. С. 11-16.
- Сіренко О.Г. 2008. Сосна кедрова європейська Pinus cembra L. В Україні: хорологія, структура популяцій та охорона. Автореферат дисертації на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата біологічних наук. Київ. 23 С.
- Царик Й., Жиляєв Г., Кияк В., Кобів Ю., Данилик І., Дмитрах Р., Сичак Н., Білонога В., Нестерук Ю. Внутрішньопопуляційна різноманітність рідкісних, ендемічних і реліктових видів рослин Українських Карпат. За ред. М.Голубця і К.Малиновського. Львів: Поллі. 2004. 198 с.
- Червона книга України. Рослинний світ. 2009. За ред. Я.П.Дідуха. К.: Глобалконсалтинг, 900 с.
- Черневий Ю.І., Третяк П.Р., Савчин А.І. 2011. Особливості росту дерев сосни кедрової Pinus cembra L.) у верхів’ї басейну ріки Лімниці у Карпатах. Науковий вісник НЛТУ України. 2011. 21.11. 54-61.
- Arend, M., Braun, S., Buttler, A., Siegwolf, R.T.W., Signarbieux, C., 2016. ¨Okophysiologie: Reaktionen von Waldbӓumen auf Klimaӓnderungen. In: Pluess, A.R., Augustin, S., Brang, P. (Eds.), Wald im Klimawandel. Grundlagen für Adaptationsstrategien. Haupt, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, pp. 77–91
- Boden S., Pyttel P., Eastaugh C.S. 2010. Impacts of climate change on the establishment, distribution, growth and mortality of Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.). iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry. Vol. 3. Issue 4. P. 82-85. doi: 10.3832/ifor0537-003
- Bolliger, J., Kienast, F., Zimmermann, N.E., 2000. Risks of global warming on montane and subalpine forests in Switzerland – a modeling study. Reg. Environ. Chang. 1, 99–111.
- Giammarchi F., Vacchiano G., Bertagnolli A., Ventura M., Panzacchi P., Cherubini P., Tonon G. 2017. Effects of the lack of forest management on spatiotemporal dynamics of a subalpine Pinus cembra forest. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. Vol. 32. Issue 2. P. 142 – 153.
- Holtmeier F.-K., Broll G. 2018. Subalpine forest and treeline ecotone under the influence of disturbances: a review. Journal of Environmental Protection. 9. P. 815-845. DOI: 10.4236/jep.2018.97051
- Loranger H., Zotz G., Bader M.Y. 2017. Competitor or facilitator? The ambiguous role of alpine grassland for the early establishment of tree seedling at treeline. Oikos. Vol. 126. Issue 11. P. 1625-1636. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.04377
- Oberhuber, W., Bendler, U., Gamper, V., Geier, J., Hölzl, A., Kofler, W., Krismer, H., Waldboth, B., Wieser, G. 2020. Growth trends of coniferous species along elevational transects in the Central European Alps indicate decreasing sensitivity to climate warming. Forests. 11 (2). No. 132. P. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11020132
- Oberhuber, W., Geisler, T. A., Bernich F., Wieser, G. 2019. Weak Apical Control of Swiss Stone Pine (Pinus cembra L.) May Serve as a Protection against Environmental Stress above Treeline in the Central European Alps. Forests 2019, 10, 744; doi:10.3390/f10090744
- Peringer A., Frank V., Snell R. S. 2022. Climate change simulations in Alpine summer pastures suggest a disruption of current vegetation zonation//Global Ecology and Conservation 37 (2022) e02140
- Risch A. C., Schütz M., Krüsi B. O., Kienast F., Wildi O., Bugmann H. 2004. Detecting successional changes in long-term empirical data from subalpine conifer forests. Plant Ecology. 172. P. 95–105. DOI: 10.1023/B:VEGE.0000026040.01175.7c
- Szafer W. 1914. Limba (Pinus cembra L.) u źródeł Łomnicy. Sylwan. T. 32. №. 6. P. 212–217.
- Środoń A. 1937. Rozmieszczenie limby w polskich Karpatach i jej ochrona. Ochrona Przyrody. 17. P. 22–42.
- Vitt P, Tienes M., Skogen K., Havens K. 2016. Optimal Monitoring of Rare Plant Populations. Report for the USDA Forest Service. 94 p. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2479.0168
- Wierdak S. 1927. Nieco o rozsiedleniu limby w Karpatach Wschodnich. Sylwan. T. 45. P. 201–207.
- Wilczyński T. 1930. Roślinność pasma Czarnohory. Krajobrazy Roślinne Polski. Z.17. P. 27–28.