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Державний природознавчий музей НАН України, Львів
e-mail: gural@smnh.org, sverlova@pip-mollusca.org

Gural-Sverlova N. V., Gural R. I.
Phenotypic markers and history of the introduction of white-lipped snail Cepaea hortensis
(Gastropoda, Helicidae) in western regions of Ukraine
The dependence of the introduction history of Cepaea hortensis in the western regions of Ukraine
and the phenotypic variability of this species, concerning the shell and body colouration, is analysed.
In areas inhabited by descendants of the primary introduction (most likely, the second half of the 20th
century, but not later than the 1970s) no more than three main variants of shell colouration are
observed: yellow or white unbanded, white banded. There is also no variability in the body
colouration; all snails have a light body, without gray or reddish pigment. The most characteristic
feature of such colonies, which can serve as a phenotypic marker, is the presence of dark spiral bands
only on white shells. An analysis of photographs from different parts of the present range of C.
hortensis, significantly expanded due to anthropochory, made it possible to find out that shells with
a white ground colour and especially white banded shells are found in different countries of Europe
and North America. However, white is not the only colouration variant of the banded shells there.
Conversely, yellow banded shells are one of the typical colouration variants in different parts of the
range of C. hortensis. Recently, at some sites of Western Ukraine, colonies of C. hortensis with a
different phenotypic composition have begun to be found, formed as a result of repeated introductions
of this species, which pass through various garden centres. Such colonies are characterized by the
presence of yellow banded and sometimes also pink shells as well as by a more or less pronounced
variability in body colouration. The most interesting is the presence at some sites of Lviv and its
environs of a rare hereditary trait that is only locally found in the natural range of C. hortensis,
namely, the dark lip in some adults. At sites with the presence of such a feature, all pink and single
yellow shells have a dark lip. We found out that the spreading of carriers of this trait occurs through
the garden centre "Club of Plants", located near Lviv (Pidbirtsi). At the same time, at some sites of
Lviv and its environs, where pink shells were also found, all of them had a light lip, characteristic of
C. hortensis. This indicates that repeated introductions of C. hortensis, even within the same Lviv, not
only pass-through different garden centres, but also have different origins.
Key words: introduced species, anthropochory, land molluscs, polymorphism.